Historia de la Realidad Aumentada Móvil
Fecha de publicación: Jan 08, 2014 8:23:54 AM
History of Mobile Augmented Reality
This web page summarizes the major milestones in mobile Augmented Reality. The list was compiled by the member of the Christian Doppler Laboratory for Handheld Augmented Reality for the ISMAR society. Permission is granted to copy and modify. Thanks go to the ISMAR09 mobile committee and all others for their valuable suggestions.
Icon Legend
Research
Mobile PC
Mobile Phone
Hardware
Standard
Game
Tool
Ivan Sutherland creates the first augmented reality system, which is also the first virtual reality system. It uses an optical see-through head-mounted display that is tracked by one of two different 6DOF trackers: a mechanical tracker and an ultrasonic tracker. Due to the limited processing power of computers at that time, only very simple wireframe drawings could be displayed in real time.
1982
The first laptop, the Grid Compass 1100 is released, which was also the first computer to use a clamshell design. The Grid Compass 1100 had an Intel 8086 CPU, 350 Kbytes of memory and a display with a resolution of 320x240 pixels, which was extremely powerful for that time and justified the enormous costs of 10.000 USD. However, its weight of 5kg made it hardly portable.
1992
Tom Caudell and David Mizell coin the term "augmented reality" to refer to overlaying computer-presented material on top of the real world. Caudell and Mizell discuss the advantages of AR versus VR such as requiring less processing power since less pixels have to be rendered. They also acknowledge the increased registration requirements in order to align real and virtual.
At COMDEX 1992, IBM and Bellsouth introduce the first smartphone, the IBM Simon Personal Communicator, which was released in 1993. The phone has 1 Megabyte of memory and a B/W touch screen with a resolution of 160 x 293 pixels. The IBM Simon works as phone, pager, calculator, address book, fax machine, and e-mail device. It weights 500 grams and cost 900 USD.
IBM Simon Personal Communicator
1993
Loomis et al. develop a prototype of an outdoor navigation system for visually impaired. They combine a notebook with a differential GPS receiver and a head-worn electronic compass. The application uses data from a GIS (Geographic Information System) database and provides navigational assistance using an "acoustic virtual display": labels are spoken using a speech synthesizer and played back at correct locations within the auditory space of the user.
Fitzmaurice createsChameleon, a key example of displaying spatially situated information with a tracked hand-held device. In his setup the output device consists of a 4" screen connected to a video camera via a cable. The video camera records the content of a Silicon Graphics workstation's large display in order to display it on the small screen. Fitzmaurice uses a tethered magnetic tracker (Ascension bird) for registration in a small working environment. Several gestures plus a single button allow the user to interact with the mobile device. Chameleon's mobility was strongly limited due to the cabling. It did also not augment in terms of overlaying objects on a video feed of the real world.
In December 1993 the Global Positioning System (GPS, official name "NAVSTAR-GPS") achieves initial operational capability. Although GPS was originally launched as a military service, nowadays millions of people use it for navigation and other tasks such as geo-caching or Augmented Reality. A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS satellites. The accuracy of civilian GPS receivers is typically in the range of 15 meter. More accuracy can be gained by using Differential GPS (DGPS) that uses correction signals from fixed, ground-based reference stations.
1994
Steve Mann starts wearing a webcam for almost 2 years. From 1994-1996 Mann wore a mobile camera plus display for almost every waking minute. Both devices were connected to his website allowing online visitors to see what Steve was seeing and to send him messages that would show up on his mobile display.
S. Mann, “Wearable Wireless Webcam,” personal WWW page.
Paul Milgram and Fumio Kishino write their seminal paper "Taxonomy of Mixed Reality Visual Displays" in which they define theReality-Virtuality Continuum. Milgram and Kishino describe a continuum that spans from the real environment to the virtual environment. In between there are Augmented Reality, closer to the real environment and Augmented Virtuality, which is closer to the virtual environment. Today Milgram's Continuum and Azuma's definition (1997) are commonly accepted as defining Augmented Reality.
1995
Jun Rekimoto and Katashi Nagao create the NaviCam, a tethered setup, similar to Fitzmaurice's Chameleon. The NaviCam also uses a nearby powerful workstation, but has a camera mounted on the mobile screen that is used for optical tracking. The computer detects color-coded markers in the live camera image and displays context sensitive information directly on top of the video feed in a see-through manner.
1996
Jun Rekimoto presents 2D matrix markers (square-shaped barcodes), one of the first marker systems to allow camera tracking with six degrees of freedom.
1997
Ronald Azuma presents the first survey on Augmented Reality. In his publication, Azuma provides a widely acknowledged definition for AR, as identified by three characteristics:
it combines real and virtual
it is interactive in real time
it is registered in 3D.
Steve Feiner et al. present the Touring Machine, the first mobile augmented reality system (MARS). It uses a see-through head-worn display with integral orientation tracker; a backpack holding a computer, differential GPS, and digital radio for wireless web access; and a hand-held computer with stylus and touchpad interface.
Thad Starner et al. explore possible applications of mobile augmented reality, creating a small community of users equipped with wearable computers interconnected over a network. The explored applications include an information system for offices, people recognition and coarse localization with infrared beacons.
Philippe Kahn invents the camera phone, a mobile phone which is able to capture still photographs. Back in 1997, Kahn used his invention to share a picture of his newborn daughter with more than 2000 relatives and friends, spread around the world. Today more than half of all mobile phones in use are camera phones.
1998
Bruce Thomas et al. present "Map-in-the-hat", a backpack-based wearable computer that includes GPS, electronic compass and a head-mounted display. At this stage the system was utilized for navigation guidance, but it later evolved into Tinmith, an AR platform used for several other AR projects.
1999
Hirokazu Kato and Mark Billinghurst presentARToolKit, a pose tracking library with six degrees of freedom, using square fiducials and a template-based approach for recognition. ARToolKit is available as open source under the GPL license and is still very popular in the AR community.
Tobias Höllerer et al. develop a mobile AR system that allows the user to explore hypermedia news stories that are located at the places to which they refer and to receive a guided campus tour that overlays models of earlier buildings. This was the first mobile AR system to use RTK GPS and an inertial-magnetic orientation tracker.
Tobias Höllerer et al. present a mobile augmented reality system that includes indoor user interfaces (desktop, AR tabletop, and head-worn VR) to interact with the outdoor user. While outdoor users experience a first-person spatialized multimedia presentation via a head-mounted display, indoor users can get an overview of the outdoor scene.
Jim Spohrer publishes the Worldboard concept, a scalable infrastructure to support mobile applications that span from low-end location-based services, up to high-end mobile AR. In his paper, Spohrer also envisions possible application cases for mobile AR, and social implications.
J. C. Spohrer, Information in Places, IBM Systems Journal, 1999, pp. 602-628.
Benefon Esc! NT2002, the first GSM phone with a built-in GPS receiver is released in late 1999. It had a black and white screen with a resolution of 100x160 pixels. Due to limited storage, the phone downloaded maps on demand. The phone also included a friend finder that exchanged GPS positions with other Esc! devices via SMS.
The wireless network protocols 802.11a/802.11b - commonly known as WiFi - are defined. The original version - obsolete - specifies bitrates of 1 or 2 megabits per second (Mbit/s), plus forward error correction code.
2000
Bruce Thomas et al. presentAR-Quake, an extension to the popular desktop game Quake. ARQuake is a first-person perspective application which is based on a 6DOF tracking system using GPS, a digital compass and vision-based tracking of fiducial markers. Users are equipped with a wearable computer system in a backpack, an HMD and a simple two-button input device. The game can be played in- or outdoors where the usual keyboard and mouse commands for movement and actions are performed by movements of the user in the real environment and using the simple input interface.
Regenbrecht and Specht present mPARD, using analogue wireless video transmission to a host computer which is taking the burden of computation off the mobile hardware platform. The rendered and augmented images are sent back to the visualization device over a separate analog channel. The system can operate within 300m outdoors and 30m indoors, and the batteries allow for an uninterrupted operation of 5 hours at max.H. Regenbrecht and R. Specht, “A mobile Passive Augmented Reality Device”, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Augmented Reality (ISAR 2000), 2000, pp. 81-84.
Simon Julier et al. present BARS, the Battlefield Augmented Reality System. The system consists of a wearable computer, a wireless network system and a see-through HMD. The system targets the augmentation of a battlefield scene with additional information about environmental infrastructure, but also about possible enemy ambushes.
Sharp corporation releases the first commercial camera phone to public. The official name of the phone is J-SH04. The phones' camera has a resolution of 0.1 megapixels.
2001
Joseph Newman et al. present the BatPortal, a PDA-based, wireless AR system. Localization is performed by measuring the travel time of ultra-sonic pulses between specially built devices worn by the user, so-called Bats, and fixed installed receivers deployed in the floors ceilings building-wide. The system can support an HMD-based system, but also the more well known BatPortal using a handheld device. Based on a fixed configuration of the PDA carried and the personal Bat worn, the direction of the users view is estimated, and a model of the scene with additional information about the scene is rendered onto the PDA screen.
Hara et al. introduceTOWNWEAR, an outdoor system that uses a fiber optic gyroscope for orientation tracking. The high precision gyroscope is used to measure the 3DOF head direction accurately with minimal drift, which is then compensated by tracking natural features.
Satoh, K.; Anabuki, M.; Yamamoto, H.; Tamura, H.;A hybrid registration method for outdoor augmented reality International Symposium on Augmented Reality (ISAR), 29-30 Oct. 2001 pp. 67 - 76
Jürgen Fruend et al present AR-PDA, a concept for building a wireless AR system and a special prototype of palm-sized hardware. Basic design ideas include the augmentation of real camera images with additional virtual objects, for example for illustration of functionality and interaction with commonly used household equipment.
Reitmayr and Schmalstieg present a mobile, multi-user AR system. The ideas of mobile augmented reality and collaboration between users in augmented shared space are combined and merged into a hybrid system. Communication is performed using LAN and wireless LAN, where mobile users and stationary users are acting in a common augmented space.
Vlahakis et al. presentArcheoguide, a mobile AR system for cultural heritage sites. The system is built around the historical site of Olympia, Greece. The system contains a navigation interface, 3D models of ancient temples and statues, and avatars which are competing for the win in the historical run in the ancient Stadium. While communication is based on WLAN, accurate localization is performed using GPS. Within the system a scalable setup of mobile units can be used, starting with a notebook sized system with HMD, down to palmtop computers and Pocket PCs.
Kretschmer et al. present the GEIST system, a system for interactive story-telling within urban and/or historical environments. A complex database setup provides information queues for the appearance of buildings in ancient times or historical facts and events. Complex queries can be formulated and stories can be told by fictional avatars or historical persons.
Columbia's Computer Graphics and User Interfaces Lab does an outdoor demonstration of their mobile AR restaurant guide at ISAR 2001, running on their Touring Machine. Pop-up information sheets for nearby restaurants are overlaid on the user's view, and linked to reviews, menus, photos, and restaurant URLs.
Kooper and MacIntyre create the RWWW Browser, a mobile AR application that acts as an interface to the World Wide Web. It is the first AR browser. This early system suffers from the cumbersome AR hardware of that time, requiring a head mounted display and complicated tracking infrastructure. In 2008 Wikitude implements a similar idea on a mobile phone.
2002
Michael Kalkusch et al. present a mobile augmented reality system to guide a user through an unfamiliar building to a destination room. The system presents a world-registered wire frame model of the building labeled with directional information in a see-through heads-up display, and a three-dimensional world-in-miniature (WIM) map on a wrist-worn pad that also acts as an input device. Tracking is done using a combination of wall-mounted ARToolkit markers observed by a head-mounted camera, and an inertial tracker.
Leonid Naimark and Eric Foxlin present a wearable low-power hybrid visual and inertial tracker. This tracker, later to be known as InterSense’s IS-1200, can be used for tracking in large scale, such as a complete building. This is achieved by tracking a newly designed 2-D barcode with thousands of different codes and combining the result with an inertial sensor.
2003
Adrian David Cheok et al. present the Human Pacman. Human Pacman is an interactive ubiquitous and mobile entertainment system that is built upon position and perspective sensing via Global Positioning System and inertia sensors; and tangible human-computer interfacing with the use of Bluetooth and capacitive sensors. Pacmen and Ghosts are now real human players in the real world experiencing mixed computer graphics fantasy-reality provided by using wearable computers that are equipped with GPS and inertia sensors for players' position and perspective tracking. Virtual cookies and actual tangible physical objects with Bluetooth devices and capacitive sensors are incorporated into the game play to provide novel experiences of seamless transitions between real and virtual worlds.
Ramesh Raskar et al. presentiLamps. This work created a first prototype for object augmentation with a hand-held projector-camera system. An enhanced projector can determine and respond to the geometry of the display surface, and can be used in an ad-hoc cluster to create a self-configuring display. Furthermore interaction techniques and co-operation between multiple units are discussed.
Daniel Wagner and Dieter Schmalstieg present an indoor AR guidance system running autonomously on a PDA. They exploit the wide availability of consumer devices with a minimal need for infrastructure. The application provides the user with a three-dimensional augmented view of the environment by using a Windows Mobile port of ARToolKit for tracking and runs directly on the PDA.
The Siemens SX1 is released, coming with the first commercial mobile phone AR camera game called Mozzies (also known as Mosquito Hunt). The mosquitoes are superimposed on the live video feed from the camera. Aiming is done by moving the phone around so that the cross hair points at the mosquitoes. Mozzies was awarded the title of best mobile game in 2003.
Sinem Guven presents a mobile AR authoring system for creating and editing 3D hypermedia narratives that are interwoven with a wearable computer user's surrounding environment. Their system was designed for authors who are not programmers and used a combination of 3D drag-and-drop for positioning media and a timeline for synchronization. It allowed authors to preview their results on a desktop workstation, as well as with a wearable AR or VR system.
2004
Mathias Möhring et al. present a system for tracking 3D markerson a mobile phone. This work showed a first video see-through augmented reality system on a consumer cell-phone. It supports the detection and differentiation of different 3D markers, and correct integration of rendered 3D graphics into the live video stream.
Michael Rohs and Beat Gfeller present Visual Codes, a 2D marker system for mobile phones. These codes can be attached to physical objects in order to retrieve object-related information and functionality. They are also suitable for display on electronic screens.
Enylton Machado Coelho et al presents OSGAR, a scene graph with uncertain transformations. In their work they target the problem of registration error, which is especially important for mobile scenarios when high quality trackign is not available and overlay graphics will not align perfectly with the real environment. OSGAR dynamically adapts the display to mitigate the effects of registration errors.
The Invisible Train, is shown at SIGGRAPH 2004 Emerging Technologies. The Invisible Train is the first multi-user Augmented Reality application for handheld devices.
2005
Anders Henrysson ports ARToolKit to Symbian. Based on this technology he presents the famousAR-Tennis game, the first collaborative AR application running on a mobile phone. ARTennis was awarded the Indepdent Mobile Gaming best game award for 2005, and the technical achievement award.
Project ULTRA shows how to use non-realtime natural feature tracking on PDAs to support people in multiple domains such as the maintenance and support of complex machines, construction and production, and edutainment and cultural heritage. Furthermore an authoring environment is developed to create the AR scenes for the maintenance tasks.
2006
Reitmayr et al. presents a model-based hybrid tracking system for outdoor augmented reality in urban environments enabling accurate, real-time overlays on a handheld device. The system combines an edge-based tracker for accurate localization, gyroscope measurements to deal with fast motions, measurements of gravity and magnetic field to avoid drift, and a back store of reference frames with online frame selection to re-initialize automatically after dynamic occlusions or failures.
Nokia presents Mara, a multi-sensor mobile phone AR guidance application for mobile phones. The prototype application overlays the continuous viewfinder image stream captured by the camera with graphics and text in real time, annotating the user's surroundings.
2007
Klein and Murray present a system capable of robust real-time tracking and mapping in parallel with a monocular camera in small workspaces. It is an adaption of a SLAM approach which processes the tracking and mapping task on two separated threads.
DiVerdi and Höllerer present theGroundCam, a system combining a camera and an orientation tracker. The camera points at the ground behind the user and provides 2D tracking information. The method is similar to that of an optical desktop mouse.S. DiVerdi and T. Höllerer, “GroundCam: A Tracking Modality for Mobile Mixed Reality”, Proceedings of the 9th international Conference on Virtual Reality, IEEE VR 2007, pp. 75-82. Best Paper Honorable Mention.
Rohs et al. compare the performance of the following navigation methods for map navigation on mobile devices: joystick navigation, the dynamic peephole method without visual context, and the magic lens paradigm using external visual context. In their user study they demonstrate the advantage of dynamic peephole and magic lens interaction over joystick interaction in terms of search time and degree of exploration of the search space.
HIT Lab NZ and Saatchi and Saatchi deliver the world's first mobile phone based AR advertising application for the Wellington Zoo.
2008
Wagner et al. present the first real-time 6DOF implementation of natural feature tracking in real-time on mobile phones achieving interactive frame rates of up to 20 Hz. They heavily modify the well known SIFT and Ferns methods in order to gain more speed and reduce memory requirements.
METAIO presents a commercial mobile AR museum guide using natural feature tracking or a six-month exhibition on Islamic art. In their paper they describe the experiences made in this project.
Mobilizy launches Wikitude, an application that combines GPS and compass data with Wikipedia entries. The Wikitude World Browser overlays information on the real-time camera view of an Android smartphone.
2009
Morrison et al. present MapLens which is a mobile augmented reality (AR) map using a magic lens over a paper map. They conduct a broad user study in form of an outdoor location-based game. Their main finding is that AR features facilitate place-making by creating a constant need for referencing to the physical. The field trials show that the main potential of AR maps lies in their use as a collaborative tool.
Sean White introducesSiteLens, a hand-held mobile AR system for urban design and urban planning site visits. SiteLens creates "situated visualizations" that are related to and displayed in their environment. For example, representations of geocoded carbon monoxide concentration data are overlaid at the sites at which the data was recorded.
SPRXmobile launches Layar, an advanced variant of Wikitude. Layar uses the same registration mechanism as Wikitude (GPS + compass), and incoperates this into an open client-server platform. Content layers are the equivalent of web pages in normal browsers. Existing layers include Wikipedia, Twitter and Brightkite to local services like Yelp, Trulia, store locators, nearby bus stops, mobile coupons, Mazda dealers and tourist, nature and cultural guides. On August 17th Layar went global serving almost 100 content layers.
Kimberly Spreen et al. develop ARhrrrr!, the first mobile AR game with high quality content at the level of commercial games. They use an NVIDIA Tegra developer kit ("Concorde") with a fast GPU. All processing except for tracking are running on the GPU, making the whole application run at high frame rates on a mobile phone class device despite the highly detailed content and natural feature tracking.
Georg Klein presents a video showing his SLAM system running in real-time on an iPhone.